Flow controllers; an introduction
Flow control is indispensable in biological, chemical, food and manufacturing processes or for analytical purposes. In these process applications, it is obviously necessary to supply fluids (gases, liquids or vapors) in a controlled way - which is essentially the definition of flow control. Accurate flow control will improve final product quality, improve process understanding by investigating varying process flows and may speed up process steps. Ultimately, the flow control will improve process economics. To this end, flow control devices or ‘flow controllers’ are used.
- What is a flow controller?
- How does a flow controller work?
- What kinds of flow controllers exist?
- Examples of flow controllers used in customer applications

Thermal Mass Flow Controller
What is a Flow Controller?

A flow controller adds one or more chemical compounds in gaseous, vapour or liquid form to a process by controlling the compound’s flow rate. This can either be a mass flow rate, expressed in grams of compound per minute, or a volumetric flow rate expressed in litres per hour.
Mass flow rate and volumetric flow rate are related to each other via the temperature and pressure dependent density of the compound and can thus be converted into each other. In many research and production processes, mass flow is preferred over volumetric flow control because mass and not volume is the important variable. However, many users think and work in units of volume, which is where volumetric flow controllers come in.
How does a Flow Controller work?

A flow controller is a flow meter combined with a control valve and control firmware. The flow meter measures the flow rate of the compound that is supplied to the process. If this measured value deviates from the setpoint value – the desired flow rate of the compound to be added – then the control valve is opened or closed to such an extent that the actual (measured) flow rate will eventually reach the setpoint value.
To explain how a flow controller operates, the main components of a Bronkhorst EL-FLOW mass flow controller are shown in the upper figure. The laminar flow element inside the body guides part of the fluid flow to the sensor which measures the flow rate. The control valve, positioned in series with this flow measurement part of the device, will vary the size of the flow passage by opening or closing, matching actual flow to setpoint. The pc-board inside the enclosure houses the control and feedback software between flow meter and valve.
What kinds of Flow Controllers exist?

The sensor type largely determines the kinds of flow controllers that are available.
- Flow Controllers based on the thermal principle
Flow controllers that operate according to the thermal principle employ the heat capacity of gases or liquids to control their mass flow rate. Bronkhorst has several of these thermal mass flow controllers available, each with their own sensor technique. - Flow Controllers using the Coriolis principle
Flow controllers working via the Coriolis principle (such as the Bronkhorst mini CORI-FLOW series) use a direct relationship between fluid mass flow rate and mass inertia. They operate fluid independently, which means that they can be used for varying and unknown mixtures. Moreover, with these Coriolis-based flow controllers there is no need for conversion when the device is used for other liquids. - Flow Controllers with ultrasound technique
Bronkhorst ES-FLOW flow controllers control volumetric liquid flow rates through ultrasound. Their sensors measure the flow velocity and multiplied by the tube cross-section inside the device, this results in volumetric liquid flow rates.
Examples of Flow Controllers used in customer applications

Coriolis devices for dosing in pharma industry
Learn about the role of Coriolis flow meters in the dosing of pharmaceutical agents for precise and reproducible results.
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Flow controllers for hydrogen storage
Learn how flow controllers are used in the research of alternative methods for hydrogen storage in metal hydride for fuel cells and vehicles.
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Flow control in ice cream production
In ice cream production, aeration is crucial. Bronkhorst’s in-line flow devices ensure repeatable air flows and have self-cleaning capabilities, essential for hygiene.
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